Basic Camera Functions

Photographic Lenses
Wide Angled Lens
A lens mainly used by landscape photographers. They are used to highlight foreground objects and fading out the objects in the background. They create a depth of field.
Telephoto Lens
The opposite of a wide lens. It is good for making objects that are far away appear to be closer to the lens. 
Fish Eye Lens
A fish eye lens makes the middle of the image come out to meet the viewer and leaves the top, bottom and sides of the image far away.
Macro Lens
A macro lens is used to to photograph objects close up. It allows the camera to focus on objects that are really close to the lens.

Settings
Macro Setting
The macro setting is similar to the macro lens. It allows the camera to focus on small objects and keeps a lot of the detail in the photograph.
Exposure Modes
Manual (M)
Manual mode allows the user to control both the aperture and the shutter speed of the camera. 
Shutter Priority (S or TV)
Shutter priority allows the user to adjust the shutter speed of the camera, and changes the aperture to fit the shutter speed set by the user.
Aperture Priority (A or AV)
Aperture priority allows the user to control the aperture of the camera and changes the shutter speed to fit with the desired aperture.
Auto (P)
Auto mode makes it so that camera controls everything about the focusing, aperture, shutter speed etc. 
ISO: Film Speed
The film speed is the sensitivity of the camera sensor. A High ISO is very sensitive to light and creates noise and a low ISO is not very sensitive to light and is used to create good quality smooth images when enlarged. 

Exposure
Exposure is the amount of light reaching a photographic film or the image sensor. The exposure of a photograph is determined by the shutter speed, aperture and the amount of light in the scene.
Overexposure
Overexposure is when there is too much light entering the camera. The photograph then becomes too light and removes some of the detail from the photograph.
Underexposure
Underexposure is when not enough light enters the camera. The photograph then becomes too dark, and the viewer is unable to see all of the detail. 

Shutter Speed
Fast Shutter Speed
A fast shutter speed lets less light in to the camera by opening and closing really quickly. It is good for capturing fast moving objects. This is because it does not allow for the objects in the photograph to move much, reducing the amount of movement and blur in the photograph. 
Slow Shutter Speed
A slow shutter speed lets more light in to the camera by opening and closing slowly. It creates movement and blurring. This is because things can move more when the camera is developing the photograph, meaning that it captures more of the movement. 

Aperture
The aperture is the part of the camera that gets bigger or smaller in order to allow more or less light in to the camera. The size of an aperture is measured in f-stops. The bigger the f-stop, the smaller the size of the opening. For example, an f-stop of f/16 has a really small opening. Whereas an f-stop of f/2 will have a large opening.
            The size of the aperture is linked directly to the depth of field of the photograph. A smaller aperture creates a deeper depth of field, and a larger aperture creates a shallower depth of field.